Preventive Effects of Low Parathyroid Hormone Levels on Hip Fracture in Patients with Vitamin D Deficiency

Seong-Eun Byun; Soonchul Lee; Ji Wan Kim; Yong-Chan Ha; Chul-Ho Kim; Cheungsoo Ha; Keun Jung Ryu; Jung-Min Koh; Hyung Kyung Kim; Jae Suk Chang

doi:10.11005/jbm.2019.26.2.89

jbm > Volume 26(2); 2019 > Article

Byun, Lee, Kim, Ha, Kim, Ha, Ryu, Koh, Kim, and Chang: Preventive Effects of Low Parathyroid Hormone Levels on Hip Fracture in Patients with Vitamin D Deficiency

Original Article

Journal of Bone Metabolism 2019;26(2):89-95.

Published online: May 31, 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.2019.26.2.89

Preventive Effects of Low Parathyroid Hormone Levels on Hip Fracture in Patients with Vitamin D Deficiency

Seong-Eun Byun¹

, Soonchul Lee¹

, Ji Wan Kim², Yong-Chan Ha³

, Chul-Ho Kim², Cheungsoo Ha¹, Keun Jung Ryu¹

, Jung-Min Koh⁴, Hyung Kyung Kim⁵, Jae Suk Chang²

¹Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea.

²Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

³Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

⁴Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

⁵Department of Pathology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gang-dong, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

Corresponding author: Jae Suk Chang. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Korea.
Tel: +82-2-3010-3525, Fax: +82-2-488-7877, jschang@amc.seoul.kr

Received March 21, 2019 Revised May 09, 2019 Accepted May 15, 2019

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Background

The objective of the current study is to determine the role of serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) on hip fracture development by retrospectively analyzing the relationship between vitamin D and PTH levels and hip fracture prevalence.

Methods

Among 288 patients over 50 years of age, 113 patients with hip fracture and 111 controls without fracture were analyzed after excluding patients with conditions affecting bone metabolism. Bone mineral density and serum biochemical markers were measured, while demographic data were obtained. Patients were divided into 4 groups according to serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25-[OH]D) and PTH levels: LowD+LowP (low 25[OH]D and PTH); LowD+HighP, (low 25[OH]D and high PTH); HighD+LowP (high 25[OH]D and low PTH); and HighD+HighP, patients with (high 25[OH]D and PTH). Measured values and percentages of patients with hip fracture in each group were then determined and compared.

Results

The number of patients included in the LowD+LowP, LowD+HighP, HighD+LowP, and HighD+HighP groups was 116, 17, 87, and 4, while the percentages of patients with hip fracture in the same groups were 60.3%, 88.2%, 27.6%, and 100%, respectively. The percentage of hip fracture was significantly lower in the LowD+LowP than the LowD+HighP group (P=0.049).

Conclusions

Patients with low serum 25(OH)D and PTH levels showed lower hip fracture prevalence, indicating the potential protective role of low PTH levels on bone health in patients with vitamin D deficiency. Therefore, clinicians should pay more attention to the possibility of fractures in patients with vitamin D deficiency who present with high PTH levels.

Key words: Hip fractures · Hypoparathyroidism · Parathyroid hormone · Vitamin D deficiency

INTRODUCTION

The homeostasis of calcium metabolism is closely related to bone health. Thus, key regulators of calcium metabolism, vitamin D, and parathyroid hormone (PTH) are strongly associated with bone health.[1,2,3,4] Moreover, vitamin D deficiency leads to poor bone mineral density (BMD) and increases the risk for fractures.[5,6,7] A high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency has been reported,[8,9] and the incidence of osteoporotic hip fractures has been increasing in South Korea.[10]

Vitamin D deficiency stimulates PTH secretion that facilitates bone resorption.[11,12] Therefore, several studies have shown that BMD is positively associated with serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25-[OH]D) [2,13,14,15] and negatively correlated with serum PTH levels.[4,16,17] Several studies have also shown that patients with hip fracture have significantly lower serum 25(OH)D and higher PTH levels than controls.[18,19,20,21]

Nonetheless, Sahota et al.[22] reported the presence of functional hypoparathyroidism, a state in which serum PTH levels do not increase despite vitamin D deficiency, while noting the protective effects of low PTH levels on the bone, even with low serum 25(OH)D levels.[4] This report showed that among patients with vitamin D deficiency, those with normal PTH showed higher BMDs than those with secondary hyperparathyroidism. On the other hand, some studies in patients with vitamin D deficiency have reported that vitamin D is an independent risk factor for fractures and that PTH is not associated with fracture risk. [23,24] Collectively, the effects of functional hypoparathyroidism on bone health remain controversial.

We hypothesized that patients with functional hypoparathyroidism would show lower prevalence of hip fractures compared to vitamin D deficient patients with increased PTH level.

Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the correlation of low serum PTH levels with hip fracture by analyzing the relationship between vitamin D and PTH status and hip fracture prevalence in Korean patients over 50 years old.

METHODS

1. Study population and grouping

This study was conducted after obtaining approval from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Asan Medical Center (IRB No. 2015-0279). The present study initially screened 288 patients over 50 years of age who were admitted for hip surgery from February 2011 to December 2013. Patients with a history of osteoporosis treatment (16 patients) or with systemic diseases (24 patients), such as malignancy, chronic renal failure (a glomerular filtration rate of less than 30 mL/min/1.73 m²), and thyroid disease, and those using steroids (21 patients) because of organ transplant or autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematous and rheumatoid arthritis, were excluded from this study. Patients with a history of previous hip fracture (3 patients) were also excluded from the analysis. A total of 224 patients were finally included, and there were 113 had hip fracture and 111 controls (patients with osteoarthritis or osteonecrosis). A flowchart of the patients included in this study is presented in Figure 1.

Vitamin D deficiency was defined as serum 25(OH)D levels below 15.1 ng/mL. The cut-off value of PTH was 64 pg/mL and was determined following previous studies on functional parathyroidism.[25] Consequently, patients were divided into 4 groups according to serum 25(OH)D and PTH levels: (1) LowD+LowP, patients with low serum 25(OH)D and PTH levels; (2) LowD+HighP, patients with low serum 25(OH)D and high serum PTH levels; (3) HighD+LowP, patients with high serum 25(OH)D and low serum PTH levels; and (4) HighD+HighP, patients with high serum 25(OH)D and PTH levels.

2. Data collection

1) Biochemical measurements

To assess calcium homeostasis in patients, biochemical markers including PTH, 25(OH)D, osteocalcin, C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX), and ionized calcium were evaluated. To measure biochemical markers, blood samples were obtained after fasting and subsequently analyzed at a certified laboratory in our institution. Blood was collected the morning after admission following an overnight fast.

Serum intact PTH levels were measured using a standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-PTH immunoradiometric assay (IBL International GmbH, Hamburg, Germany) with 1.0 pg/mL as the lower limit of detection. Intra- and interassay coefficients of variation (CVs) were below 5%. Serum concentrations of 25(OH)D were measured through radioimmunoassay using a 25(OH)D₃-specific kit (Cobra II Auto-γ Counting System, Packard Instruments, Downers Grove, IL, USA). Intra- and interassay CVs for these analyses were consistently <3.5%. Serum CTX concentrations were measured using an electrochemical luminescence immunoassay (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany) with intra- and interassay CVs of 1.0% to 4.6% and 1.6% to 4.7%, respectively. Serum osteocalcin concentrations were also measured using an electrochemical luminescence immunoassay (Roche Diagnostics) with intra- and interassay CVs of 1.2% to 4.0% and 1.7% to 6.5%, respectively. Serum levels of ionized calcium were measured from arterial blood using a Stat Profile® Critical Care Xpress analyzer (Nova Biomedical, Waltham, MA, USA).

2) BMD measurement

Areal BMD (g/cm²) was measured at the lumbar spine (L1-L4) and proximal femur (femur neck and total hip) at a tertiary medical center using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (Lunar Prodigy Advance; GE Lunar, Madison, WI, USA) with software version 9.30.044. The precision of this equipment, which is determined through CV, was 0.67% and 1.25% for the lumbar spine and femoral neck, respectively, according to another study conducted on 17 volunteers at the same institution.[26] Demographic data, including age, body mass index (BMI), and sex was also collected.

3. Statistical analyses

All continuous variables were tested for normality using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Measurements were expressed as means±standard deviations with 95% confidence intervals for continuous variables. Comparisons among the 4 groups (quadrants) according to continuous variables (e.g., 25[OH]D and PTH levels) were made using analysis of variance or Kruskal-Wallis (if normality was not assumed). Comparisons according to discrete variables (e.g., sex) were made using the χ² test. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the relationship between serum 25(OH)D levels and the probability of fracture in all included patients. The logistic regression coefficient was statistically significant. The model was assessed for goodness of fit using the Hosmer and Lemeshow test, which showed that the model was well specified and fitted the data. The regression equation was as follows:

Prob (disease)= exp (−2.358+0.156×25[OH]D)/(1+exp[−2.358+0.156×25(OH)D])

In this regression equation, the 25(OH)D level that satisfies “prob (no fracture)=prob (fracture)=0.5” was 15.1, which means that a patient with a serum 25(OH)D level of 15.1 has a 50:50 probability of having hip fracture or disease. For this reason, 15.1 was set as the cut-off value for 25(OH) D in this study. A P-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. Statistical software MedCalc (version 11.6; Med-Calc software, Mariakerke, Belgium) and R (version 3.1.0; The R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria) had been used for all statistical analyses.

RESULTS

The proportion of patients with fracture in the LowD+LowP, LowD+HighP, HighD+LowP, and HighD+HighP groups was 60.3% (70/116), 88.2% (15/17), 27.6% (24/87), and 100% (4/4), respectively. The LowD+highP group showed a significantly higher prevalence of fractures than the HighD+LowP and LowD+LowP groups (P<0.001 and P=0.049, respectively; Fig. 2).

A total of 116 patients, comprising 51.8% of the study population and 87.2% of patients with low serum 25(OH)D, were included in the LowD+LowP group, which represents functional hypoparathyroidism.

Regarding biochemical measurements, serum levels of CTX and ionized calcium showed significant difference between the LowD+HighP and HighD+LowP group (P=0.017 and 0.027, respectively). The values of osteocalcin level were not significantly different among the groups.

Total hip BMD values in the LowD+LowP, LowD+HighP, HighD+LowP, and HighD+HighP groups were 0.754±0.201, 0.681±0.151, 0.876±0.148, and 0.593±0.091, while spine BMD values in the same groups were 0.932±0.227, 0.847±0.184, 1.020±0.191, and 0.673±0.181, respectively. The HighD+LowP group had significantly higher total hip and spine BMDs than the other subgroups (P<0.001 in all).

No significant differences in age, sex ratio, ionized calcium, osteocalcin, CTX levels, and BMD were found between the LowD+LowP and LowD+HighP groups. The LowD+HighP group had a significantly lower BMI than the LowD+LowP group (P=0.002). Demographic data and estimated mean values of the variables in each group with statistical analyses are presented in Table 1.

DISCUSSION

In the present study, we divided the patients into 4 subgroups according to their serum 25(OH)D and PTH levels to evaluate the effect of serum PTH on hip fracture risk, especially in patients with vitamin D deficiency. Among patients with vitamin D deficiency, those with low serum PTH levels (LowD+LowP) showed a significantly lower prevalence of hip fracture than those with high serum PTH levels (LowD+HighP). This result suggests that low serum PTH levels may have a protective effect on bone health in patients with vitamin D deficiency.

The osteoclastogenic action of PTH through RANKL stimulation has been well established. Moreover, high serum PTH levels have been reported to be associated with increased bone turnover and decreased bone mass.[12,27,28] Sahota et al.[4] previously reported that among patients with vitamin D deficiency, those with low serum PTH levels had significantly higher BMD than those with high serum PTH levels, suggesting that functional hypoparathyroidism has a beneficial effect on bone health. Similarly, the current study showed that among patients with vitamin D deficiency, those with high serum PTH levels (LowD+HighP) had lower mean hip and spine BMD values and higher serum CTX levels than those with low serum PTH levels (LowD+LowP), although the difference was not statistically significant. We believe that the statistically insignificant results might have been caused by the small number of subjects in the LowD+HighP group.

More important than bone metabolism or BMD are fractures that affect patients' functional status and survival. This study found that among patients with vitamin D deficiency, low serum PTH levels (LowD+LowP) led to lower hip fracture prevalence than high serum PTH levels (LowD+HighP). Previous reports have also reported about the effects of serum PTH on hip fracture. Dhanwal et al.[19] showed that two-thirds of patients with hip fracture had secondary hyperparathyroidism. Rejnmark et al.[29] also reported that high levels of PTH are related to high risk for fractures in patients with low vitamin D levels. In addition to the osteoclastogenic effect of PTH, increased risk for falls resulting from impaired muscle function associated with high serum PTH may also be contributory.[30,31,32]

We note that reports with contrary results regarding the effect of functional hypoparathyroidism on bone health do exist. Amouzougan et al.[25] found no significant difference in hip and spine BMD among patients with vitamin D deficiency who had high and low serum PTH levels. We believe that this contrasting result was caused by the difference in the criterion for vitamin D deficiency. In their analysis, the criterion of vitamin D deficiency was 30 ng/mL. Other studies (including the present study) have shown that the beneficial effects of functional hypoparathyroidism become apparent when using a criterion for vitamin D deficiency that is much lower than 30 ng/mL.[4] These results suggest that the effects of PTH may be amplified when analyzing patients who have vitamin D concentrations lower than 15 ng/mL. Notably, Yamauchi et al.[24] had shown that functional hypoparathyroidism was a risk factor for fragility fractures. However, their analysis compared fracture risk between patients with functional hypoparathyroidism and those with sufficient vitamin D levels, not secondary hyperparathyroidism (LowD+HighP). Therefore, the effects of PTH levels on fracture risk cannot be confirmed from their results.

The present study showed that 87.2% of those with vitamin D deficiency had normal serum PTH levels despite low serum 25(OH)D values. Previous studies have reported that 40% to 88% of subjects with vitamin D deficiency showed normal serum PTH values.[4,21,24,33] Different criteria for vitamin deficiency and hyperparathyrodism among studies may have caused these differing results. Using statistical analysis of fracture risk, the current analyses defined vitamin D deficiency as a 25(OH)D level lower than 15.1 ng/mL. Although this cut-off value was lower than that suggested by other authors,[34,35,36] previous reports also showed that a 25(OH)D level lower than 15 ng/mL was related to increased fracture risk or decreased BMD.[23,25] Nevertheless, establishing the ideal 25(OH)D level was beyond the scope of the present study, and the cut-off value we adopted was suitable for comparing fracture risk according to PTH values.

The very high prevalence of functional hypoparathyroidism in the current study may have been caused by the characteristics of the study population. The current study included not only patients with osteoporotic fracture but also those without osteoporosis.

The present study found that patients with LowD+HighP had significantly lower BMI than those with LowD+LowP. This result seems to be contrary to that of previous findings wherein BMI was positively associated with serum PTH levels.[27,28] However, considering that the mean BMI of the LowD+LowP group (24.2±3.7 kg/m²) was within the normal range and that elderly patients were included in this study, the higher BMI of the LowD+LowP group may reflect a better nutritional state, including calcium intake, compared to the LowD+HighP group.

This study had some limitations. First, the cross-sectional design of this study did not allow the detection of causal relationships. Second, because of its retrospective design, concerns may be raised regarding bias in data collection. However, although the analysis was performed retrospectively, materials in the current study were collected prospectively. Therefore, these concerns may be overlooked to some extent. Third, the number of patients in the HighD+HighP was only 4, and this can be a cause of type 2 error. Finally, given that the control group did not contain healthy patients, care should be taken when interpreting the results of the current study.

In conclusion, this study highlights a potential protective effect of low PTH levels on bone health in patients with vitamin D deficiency. We recommend that clinicians pay more attention to the possibility of fracture in patients with vitamin D deficiency who present with high PTH levels.

Acknowledgments

Not applicable.

DECLARATIONS

Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable.

Conflict of interest: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

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Fig. 1

A flow chart of the retrospective analysis. This retrospective study was conducted by enrolling 288 patients who underwent hip surgery between 2011 and 2013. After excluding those unsuitable for analysis, 224 patients were ultimately included in this study. Patients were divided into 4 subgroups according to serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25[OH]D) 3 and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels.

Fig. 2

Scatter diagram showing the proportion of hip fractures. The circle indicates the control group, while the orange square indicates patients with hip fracture. The low 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25[OH]D) and high parathyroid hormone (PTH) group showed a higher percentage of fracture patients than the low 25(OH)D and low PTH group.

Table 1

Characteristics, hip fracture ratio and measurements of each group divided by 25-hydroxy-vitamin D and parathyroid hormone level

The data is presented as number (%) or mean±standard deviation.

^a)Low 25(OH)D and low PTH.^b)Low 25(OH)D and high PTH. ^c)High 25(OH)D and low PTH. ^d)High 25(OH)D and high PTH. ^e)P<0.05, vs. subgroup low 25(OH)D and low PTH. ^f)P<0.05, vs. subgroup low 25(OH)D and high PTH. ^g)P<0.05, vs. subgroup high 25(OH)D and low PTH. ^h)P<0.05, vs. subgroup high 25(OH)D and high PTH.

M, male; F, female; BMI, body mass index; 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxy-vitamin D; PTH, parathyroid hormone; BMD, bone mineral density