The longer human lifespan arising from socioeconomic changes and advancements in the medical field has led to an explosive increase in the number of diseases affecting the geriatric population. Osteoporosis is one of the common bone metabolic diseases. Osteoporosis is associated with various comorbidities of the elderly and the medications used to treat these can affect one another and worsen the patient's condition; in some cases, it may result in osteoporotic fractures.[1,2,3] Compared to other fractures, hip fracture tends to have more severe consequences in the elderly hip fracture; it has high mortality and morbidity.[4] Although the risk varies depending on the characteristics of each study subject and the surgical method, one meta-analysis reports a 1-year cumulative mortality rate of hip fracture from 5.9% to 59%.[5] Many studies have reported increased hip fractures in the aging population and 50% of hip fractures are expected to occur in Asia by 2050.[6,7,8]

This pattern is now commonly observed in Korean society.[8] Compared to other Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, the elderly population growth rate is extremely high, and life expectancy is close to 85 years old for women and 80 for men as of people born in 2015.[9] The first National Health Insurance Comprehensive Plan announced by the Ministry of Health and Welfare in 2018 also reports that the number of the elderly aged 65 or over was close to 7 million in 2017, and the medical expenses for the elderly amount to nearly 30 trillion won.[10] Accordingly, the growth of medical expenditure is also high compared to OECD countries. A study by Ha et al.[8] in 2016 reported using their future hip fracture prediction model, which takes into account the past incidence of elderly hip fracture, indicating that the elderly hip fracture rate will increase by 1.4 times by 2025, which will impose a serious socioeconomic burden on Korean society and become a key issue of public health management.

However, the rate of drug treatment to prevent osteoporotic fractures in Korea is not high. At age 50 and older, the prevalence of osteoporosis amounts to 22.4%, but their use of medical institutions is only 60%, and osteoporosis drug use is only 34%.[11] In addition, 66% of patients discontinued medication after 1 year even if they started medication treatment. The reasons for the low rate of osteoporosis treatment to prevent osteoporotic fractures can be classified into 3 categories.[12] The first is a problem of the medical system itself, in which communication between primary care physicians and medical systems of each department is not executed smoothly. The second is a problem related to patients such as the lack of knowledge about osteoporosis drug treatment and prevention of osteoporotic fractures and the cost and side effects of osteoporosis drugs. Third, there are physician-related factors including overlooking the importance of osteoporosis drug use, lack of knowledge of effective drug use method, and lack of time to ensure their patients fully understand the main issues in osteoporotic fractures.

Various efforts have been reported to increase the number of osteoporosis drug prescriptions and patient use of the medications. Yuksel et al.[13] reported a community pharmacist-initiated screening program that checked whether patients received osteoporosis examinations and appropriate drug prescription when the patients visited a hospital. Bessette et al.[14] reported an almost doubled increase in prescriptions after an educational intervention for the diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis after fragility fractures.

Edwards et al.[15] performed an electronic medical record-based intervention to improve the treatment of osteoporosis. Kim et al.[16] reported that the osteoporosis-related knowledge and experience of orthopedic surgeons could increase the osteoporosis treatment rate after hip fracture. Although these interventions have good effects, they do not complement all of the previously mentioned patient education-related and healthcare system-related problems. We need a change to develop a more fundamental system, and the fracture liaison service (FLS) is expected to bring about such change.

The FLS provides adequate treatment and services for patients over 50 years old with fragility fractures, enabling systematic identification and decreasing the risk of subsequent osteoporotic fractures.[17] In addition, for the secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures, identifying fracture patients among in-patients and out-patients is necessary and multi-disciplinary services should be provided for performing diagnostic tests and providing treatments.

Of course, it is ideal to prevent all osteoporotic fractures in advance, but its cost effectiveness should be considered. Therefore, we should target hip fractures among the secondary fractures. Hip fractures have higher mortality and morbidity than other types of fractures, and the after-effect of the fractures persist.[4,17] According to the report by Kim et al.[18], the medical cost per capita of hip fractures in Korea is about twice that of vertebral fractures.

The annual social costs of hip fracture treatment are estimated to be $12 billion in the United States and £1.7 billion in the United Kingdom.[19] Osteoporotic fractures tend to show a recurrence with increasing age.[17] In this regard, the osteoporotic fractures that occurred before this fracture can be called signal fractures and be considered as an opportunity to perform preventive evaluation and intervention for subsequent fractures.[20] Moreover, 50% of patients who have had hip fractures reported having other fractures before their hip fracture.[21,22] This means that if an intervention is performed to prevent the second fracture after the first fracture, about half of all hip fracture patients would receive an intervention.

The FLS consists of 3 parts: primary treatment, secondary prevention, database construction and feedback.[17] Primary treatment is an evaluation of the fracture that occurred and evaluating any other underlying diseases and then performing early rehabilitation after surgical treatment. Secondary prevention refers to rehabilitation, nutritional management, and underlying disease management to prevent re-fracture by focusing on the evaluation of osteoporosis and medication treatment. These 2 interventions are performed consecutively or simultaneously, and setting a boundary between them is not straightforward. Primary treatment and secondary prevention are performed in accordance with various protocols, and to enhance the effect and compensate for the shortcomings of this protocol, the database construction and the result analysis through the database can be feedback to supplement and change this system. Depending on the size of the database and FLS, it can be divided into a local, regional, and national FLS.

The members of the FLS are diverse, and include patients, orthopedic surgeons, radiologists, geriatricians, primary care physicians, and rehabilitation therapists. Although, the most important member would be the coordinators.[17] Previous studies called them various names such as case manager,[23,24] fracture nurse,[25] and nurse clinicians.[26] The key roles cover an extensive range and include the following: explanation for the need of osteoporosis evaluation and management, identification of patients, building casual links among patients, patients assessment, encouraging patients to follow-up with their primary physician, data collection, test arrangement, and discussions with health care providers regarding transfer information.

FLS would improve the treatment course and outcome of patients with fracture and reduce socioeconomic costs. Chevalley et al.[27] reported that the osteoporosis clinical pathway involving coordinator nurse intervention in 385 patients with low trauma fracture resulted in a statistically significant increase in bone mineral density and an increase in the rate of osteoporosis drug treatment, and also increased the chance of evaluation intervention involving falls. Ruggiero et al.[28] reported a mortality reduction effect in fracture prevention service for patients with hip fracture over 65 years old. Leal et al.[29] reported that cost-saving was achieved when the FLS service was provided in their Markov model analysis, which assumes the introduction of FLS in hip fracture patients. In a study that reported the cost effectiveness of FLS under the US health care system, it was predicted that a cost savings of $16.7 million will be achieved if FLS is implemented for 2.5 million osteoporotic fracture patients in 1 year.[30] A study in Australia directly analyzed the past medical costs of groups with and without FLS. The risk of re-fracture was lowered by 29% in the group with FLS, and the cost of medical care per patient of 1,000 patients decreased by $617,275.[31]

It is thought that there are many obstacles to implementing FLS in Korea.

The first is the lack of awareness that a system like FLS is necessary. At present, Korean medical care is divided into areas of specialization. The scope of treatment of these specialists in each field is limited to their own area of treatment, making it difficult for them to know whether other areas of treatment are progressing well or how they affect the patient or the conditions these specialists treat. As for diseases such as stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and diabetes, the diseases themselves and the medication to treat them can increase the risk of osteoporotic fracture, but the associated specialists such as orthopedic surgeons and neurologists and internists do not seem to pay sufficient attention to their relationship and consequences.

Second, changes in healthcare systems and facilities are needed. At the core of FLS lies the multidisciplinary management, which requires the relocation of facilities and personnel to facilitate communication between healthcare systems whose roles are divided, to enable such multidisciplinary management.

Third is the national policy support in terms of cost. The key member in the implementation of FLS is the coordinators. It requires a high cost to hire and train them and to build and manage the appropriate database. However, it is questionable whether the hospitals under the current low fee system are able to pay such a cost.

In 2018, the Korean Society for Bone and Mineral Research (KSBMR) organized the FLS Committee and appointed FLS Committee members. The first meeting of this Committee was held on 15 May 2018. The first FLS guidebook was published in 2018 under the first goal of producing the Korean bluebook.[32] In addition, the committee members attended the 2018 Fragility Fracture Network Asia-Pacific regional expert meeting and the 8th Fragility Fracture Network Global Congress 2019 in Oxford, to introduce the current osteoporosis treatment, the status of osteoporotic fracture, and fracture integrated rehabilitation management rehabilitation program of Korea and reported the current efforts of the Committee to establish FLS in Korea. Currently, KSBMR has developed a coordinator training program and conducted 2 training sessions, and 2 additional training sessions will be held in November and December 2019. Also, 4 FLS educational symposium were held in 2018 and 2019. This is an effort to communicate the need for FLS to medical staff and to overcome obstacles through education. In addition, the FLS study is being conducted to verify the effect of patient education on osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture treatment. The FLS study aims to improve patient awareness and objectively verify the effectiveness of FLS in the Korean medical system. It is not easy to make changes to medical systems and policies. However, KSBMR held 2 policy meetings in the National Assembly to establish the FLS system to induce changes in the interests and attitudes of health politicians.

In the rapidly aging Korean society, the introduction of FLS, which is verified not only in the socioeconomic aspects but also in the treatment of patients, is thought to be essential. However, the challenges that need to be addressed in order to implement FLS include the lack of awareness regarding the necessity of this system, the lack of healthcare systems, and inadequate policies. Nevertheless, KSBMR is trying to overcome this in various aspects. In the future, further studies on the FLS and its clinical and socioeconomic effects for the Korean medical system will be necessary.